Metoda przekładu intersemiotycznego na zajęciach akademickich

The article discusses the issue of intersemiotic translation in Polish language education at the university level. It is an important issue both from the theoretical and practical point of view, because the knowledge of innovative methods and different ways of interpreting literary texts is an extremely important problem, present in Polish language education at school and university, especially among students of pedagogical faculties. The article describes the implementation of the project carried out during university classes in the basics and methodology of Polish language education in classes I–III, addressed to students of pedagogical faculties – future early school education teachers. The first part of the study presents the described method in terms of various theoreticians and researchers of literature. The second part of the study presents various forms of work with literary texts, carried out with the method of intersemiotic translation by students of early school education as part of university classes. The project took into account the realization of the academic program and at the same time developed the creativity of future teachers of early school education. Various forms of exercises using the intersemiotic translation method introduced during the classes proved how much future teachers need new inspirations in order not to get stuck in schemes and routines that may have a negative impact on the educational process. The described forms of the intersemiotic translation method may become a strategy of didactic conduct that fosters creativity, imagination and sensitivity and encourages future teachers of early school education to take up various forms of activity that will make their lessons more attractive.artykule autorka omawia zagadnienie przekładu intersemiotycznego w akademickiej edukacji polonistycznej. Jest to problematyka istotna zarówno z teoretycznego, jak i praktycznego punktu widzenia, ponieważ wiedza o nowatorskich metodach i różnych sztukach interpretacji tekstów literackich jest niezwykle ważnym zagadnieniem obecnym zarówno w edukacji polonistycznej w szkole, jak i w nauczaniu akademickim, zwłaszcza wśród studentów kierunków pedagogicznych. W artykule opisano realizację projektu przeprowadzonego na zajęciach akademickich z przedmiotu: podstawy i metodyka edukacji polonistycznej w klasach I–III wśród studentów kierunków pedagogicznych – przyszłych nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej. W pierwszej części opracowania zaprezentowano opisywaną metodę w ujęciu różnych teoretyków i badaczy literatury. W drugiej z kolei przedstawione zostały różne formy pracy z tekstem literackim, realizowane metodą przekładu intersemiotycznego przez studentów edukacji wczesnoszkolnej w ramach zajęć akademickich. Zadbano o to, by opracowany projekt uwzględniał realizację programu akademickiego, a jednocześnie rozwijał kreatywność u przyszłych nauczycieli edukacji wczesno-szkolnej. Wprowadzone na zajęciach różnorodne formy ćwiczeń wykorzystujące metodę przekładu intersemiotycznego dowiodły, jak bardzo przyszli pedagodzy potrzebują nowych inspiracji, by nie utknąć w schematach i rutynie, które mogą negatywnie oddziaływać na proces kształcenia. Opisane formy metody przekładu intersemiotycznego mogą się stać strategią postępowania dydaktycznego sprzyjającą rozwijaniu kreatywności, wyobraźni i wrażliwości oraz zachęcającą przyszłych nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej do podejmowania rozmaitych przejawów aktywności, które będą uatrakcyjniały lekcję

Human Microbiome : When a Friend Becomes an Enemy

The microorganisms that inhabit humans are very diverse on different body sites and tracts. Each specific niche contains a unique composition of the microorganisms that are important for a balanced human physiology. Microbial cells outnumber human cells by tenfold and they function as an invisible organ that is called the microbiome. Excessive use of antibiotics and unhealthy diets pose a serious danger to the composition of the microbiome. An imbalance in the microbial community may cause pathological conditions of the digestive system such as obesity, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease; of the skin such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne and of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis. An unbalanced microbiome has also been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and multiple sclerosis. While the microbiome has a strong impact on the development of the host immune system, it is suspected that it can also be the cause of certain autoimmune diseases, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the enormous progress in the field, the interactions between the human body and its microbiome still remain largely unknown. A better characterization of the interactions may allow for a deeper understanding of human disease states and help to elucidate a possible association between the composition of the microbiome and certain pathologies. This review focuses on general findings that are related to the area and provides no detailed information about the case of study. The aim is to give some initial insight on the studies of the microbiome and its connection with human health.Peer reviewe

Wstęp

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Fagi - cudowne leki?

Bacteriophages (phages, bacterial viruses) are intracellular parasites that for replication need bacterial cells. The attachment of the phage to the surface of the bacterium is a crucial step in the phage infections. For this purpose phages can use e.g. parts of bacterial capsule, flagellum or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The observed increasing bacterial multidrug resistance, caused that the idea of the therapeutic application of phages is more real than ever before. Phage therapy can be based on the use of either natural or engineered bacteriophages. In the forties of the last century, phage therapy has been already utilized e.g. in the cure of the suppurating wounds, and infections of the upper respiratory tract. Bacteriophage therapy is believed to be potent not only in the treatment of plant, animal and human chronic bacterial infections, but also in controlling disease outbreaks. Another interesting aspect of phage application is the use of phage particles as enzyme inhibitors and as well as chemotherapeutic carrier; in production of vaccines and treatment of addictions. Moreover, phages are efficient in both killing the biofilm-forming bacteria and dissolving the organic biofilm matrix

ECA - Wspólny antygen powierzchniowy pałeczek rodziny Enterobacteriaceae

Almost all the strains of bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family share at least one common antigenic component, ECA, which is not present in other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. From the observations made with immunofluorescence and immunoferritin techniques, it has been concluded that ECA is localized in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative enteric bacteria. ECA is a glycolipid consisting of linear trisaccharide repeating units composed of [→3)-α-D-Fucp4NAc-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAcA-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→]. It occurs in three structural forms: ECAPG linked to phosphatidylglycerol, ECALPS anchored to LPS core region and ECACYC not expressed on the surface. ECA is believed to be connected to the LPS outer core. However, it should be emphasized that Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 mutants defective in outer core synthesis were also ECA-immunogenic. The genes involved in ECA biosynthesis are located in the chromosomal wec gene cluster, from wecA to wecG and the ECA expressions is downregulated at host temperature. So far, ECA has been thoroughly analyzed at the structural and genetic level, however, its significance in vivo has been investigated in relatively few studies. ECA has been linked to pathogenesis in several species of bacteria, although this function seems to differ between the species. ECA has been shown to be involved in the flagellar assembly and motility in Serratia marcescens Also, the ECA-negative mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium proved to be significantly less virulent than the parental strain. ECA as a marker of Enterobacteriaceae family is a valuable indicator of water and food contaminations with enteric bacteria

Adhesion abilities and biosorption of Cd and Mg by microorganisms - first step for eco-friendly beneficiation of phosphate ore

Chemical reagents used in traditional mineral processing can be toxic and hazardous for the environment. Therefore, the use of biotechnological methods is becoming increasingly important. Great hopes are being placed in the use of microorganisms for bio-beneficiation of raw materials. However, assessment of adhesion abilities of bacteria onto minerals surface as well as biosorption of metals are essential steps before designing final process of each ore beneficiation. The main aim of this work was an investigation of biosorption of Cd and Mg, as well as adhesion abilities of five microorganism species with minerals included in the natural mixture of phosphate ore form Djebel Onk, Algeria. The ore, due to its unique composition, created conditions for adhesion of all five tested microbial strains onto apatite surface during incubation at pH 3. Moreover, Rhodococcus erythropolis CD 130, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli adhered distinctly onto apatite surface during incubation at pH 7. Incubation lasting 20 min at pH 4-6 created the most favorable conditions for biosorption of metals by B. subtilis and adhesion of cells. In case of C. albicans, biosorption of metals as well as adhesion of cells onto the mineral surface were more effective after longer time and in a wider pH range

Antibodies Recognizing Yersinia enterocolitica Lipopolysaccharides of Various Chemotypes in Synovial Fluids From Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 (YeO3) is considered to be associated with reactive arthritis (ReA), and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been detected in synovial fluids from patients. Interestingly, YeO3 wild-type LPS was processed by host cells, resulting in truncated LPS molecules presenting the core region. Previously, we reported the immunogenicity but not adjuvanticity of YeO3 LPSs of wild (S) type, Ra, Rd, or Re chemotypes in mice. Here, we demonstrate the presence of YeO3 LPS chemotype-specific antibodies in all analyzed synovial fluids (SF) from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Interestingly, the high titer of antibodies specific for the Kdo-lipid A region was found in most tested SF. In contrast, only a few were positive for antibodies recognizing O-specific polysaccharides. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of antibodies reacting with fast-migrating LPS fractions and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) in synovial fluid samples. Our data also suggest the importance of LPS-associated ECA for the antigenicity of endotoxin. Furthermore, we confirmed in vitro that Yersinia LPS processing leads to the exposure of its core region and enhanced potency of complement lectin pathway activation.Peer reviewe